A Moderated-Mediation Model of Work-Family Conflict in the COVID-19 Crisis: JMI

The COVID-19 pandemic and societal mitigation efforts (e.g., mandated quarantine and social distancing) inflicted mental and emotional strain on working parents navigating conflicting demands between the work and non-work interface. This research examines how organizational leaders can help employees cope with the additional stress of the crisis and reduce detrimental outcomes to their careers, families, and organizations. Utilizing stressor-strain theory, this study investigates the relationship between stressors (i.e., work-family conflict and role overload) and strain (i.e., turnover intentions) as a function of a relationally-influenced psychological state (i.e., trust in management) in the context of the COVID-19 crisis. Data analyzed from 393 working adults indicated that trust in management moderated (attenuated) the relationship between role overload and turnover intentions, and the interaction between role overload and trust in management mediated the relationship between work-family conflict and turnover intentions. This moderated-mediation model empirically validates how organizational leaders can help mitigate employee stress induced during crisis situations.

That Line in the Day: The Perceived Effect of Required Work From Home on Male Managers' Sense of Self and Wellbeing

Experiences of required work from home during the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the sense of self and wellbeing of men, especially managers, potentially shaped by positions that men take up within discourses of masculinity. Thematic decomposition applied to verbatim transcripts of semi-structured interviews with seven white collar managers living in Australia who identified as men revealed a challenge to the participants' productivity and subscription to the traditional masculine subject position of the "ideal worker";and dissolution of boundaries between home and work that prevented some participants from privileging their "breadwinner" subject position. The liminal space of the Home-Office needs to be negotiated to alleviate impacts on self, anxiety, and stress resulting from conflicting work and domestic roles. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Men's Studies is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Job stressors, work tension and job satisfaction of academics at a university in South Africa

Orientation: Stress in the workplace is a common phenomenon that is classified in different ways and which also impacts academics. Previous research highlighted that job stressors in the workplace have been considered an important contributor towards low levels of job satisfaction (JS) for academics. This perspective aids the study of the influence of job stress on JS. Research purpose: The aim of this research was to establish the influence of role conflict (RC), role ambiguity (RA), role overload (RO) and time pressure (TP) on work tension (WT) and the influence of WT on JS among academics at a university of technology. Motivation for the study: The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the reduction of government and associated agency funding changed the scenario of academic life from being considered idyllic, autonomous and well protected. Congruent to these constraints, changes in the diversity of students and advances in technology, blended learning and the introduction of learning platforms created further challenges in the way students learn and how modules were offered. Research approach/design and method: The researchers used a postpositivist quantitative paradigm with a convenience sample (n = 250) of academics in a university of technology in Gauteng. A structured questionnaire encompassing the study constructs was used. Main findings: Results showed positive associations between RC, RA, RO and TP on WT. Further, WT and JS showed negative yet significant predictive relationships with JS. Practical/managerial implication: It is pivotal for universities to understand the effects of job stressors on job satisfaction to improve the working conditions for academics. Contribution/value-add: This research provides findings to the present body of knowledge among academics on the influence of job stressors on WT and WT on JS at HEIs. Research on job stress and JS has been of interest in many HEIs. The research makes a valuable contribution to the university management, especially the human resource division, on the effect of levels of job stressors (RC, RA, RO and TP) on WT among academics. © 2023. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS.

Work and Childcare Role Conflicts of Working Mothers Under the Condition of Social Distancing Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic in Vietnam

This study investigates the work and childcare role conflicts among working Vietnamese female laborers during the period of social distancing caused by the outbreak of COVID-19 in Vietnam by employing the theory of work and family conflict as a theoretical framework to figure out the dimensions of strife. By analyzing qualitative data collected from 15 working Vietnamese mothers selected by applying the snowball sampling method, this study shows that the work and childcare role conflicts among Vietnamese women are manifested in three aspects: (1) the lack of time to fulfill expected roles, leading to (2) the state of role strain that is, in turn, considered as the cause of (3) the emergence of inappropriate behaviors with corresponding roles. The findings also reveal that accepting role conflicts as temporary difficulties is one of the solutions for women to overcome hardships during the period of social distancing. In addition, working mothers resolve disputes through their efforts without the demand for reassigning responsibilities in the family to distribute house chores equally to their husbands © 2023, Journal of Population and Social Studies.All Rights Reserved.

Job Satisfaction Goes a Long Way: The Mediating Role of Teaching Satisfaction in the Relationship between Role Stress and Indices of Psychological Well-Being in the Time of COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic and its containment measures has resulted in drastic changes in the educational landscape. Teachers had to rapidly adapt to shifts in their work-related roles and responsibilities. This situation likely led to role stress and affected the levels of job satisfaction, mental health and general life satisfaction. In this study, we examined the role of teachers' job satisfaction in the relationship between role stress and indices of psychological well-being. The participants were South African school teachers (N = 355) who completed the Role Orientation Questionnaire, the Teaching Satisfaction Scale, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, the trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. In addition to descriptive statistics and correlations, path analysis was performed to determine the mediating role of teaching satisfaction. Increased levels of teaching satisfaction were associated with decreased levels of depression and anxiety and increased levels of life satisfaction. Teaching satisfaction also mediated the relationship between role conflict, as well as role ambiguity and anxiety. The results indicated that teaching satisfaction is a critical protective factor for teachers. Thus, improving task significance and enhancing the meaning associated with the teaching profession may help promote the adaptive functioning of teachers.

Job Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic amongst Social Workers: A Comparison between Chinese Mainland and Macao

The COVID-19 pandemic may have resulted in front line social workers experiencing job stress, burnout and other psychological distress. Little is known about the work-related stress experienced by Chinese social workers during the pandemic. This study focused on the job stress of social workers from Mainland and Macao. The research aims of this study included: (1) testing whether there is a difference in job stress between social workers from Mainland and Macao during the pandemic and (2) identifying mediating factors that helped explain such regional differences. An online survey collected data from 292 social workers in Mainland China and 108 from Macao in 2020. Mainland participants reported significantly higher job stress than Macao participants. Regional differences in job stress amongst Mainland and Macao social workers were partially attributed to their age and professional role identity. More attention needs to be paid to social workers in Mainland China as they experience higher job stress than their counterparts from Macao. Future research is needed to examine other factors (e.g. job demand and financial compensation) that may contribute to such regional differences. This article studied the job stress of social workers, during COVID-19, in two different Chinese regions. A survey collected data from 292 social workers in Mainland China and 108 social workers in Macao in 2020. The findings showed that the Mainland social workers reported higher job stress than their Macao counterparts. Regional differences in job stress were partially attributed to their age and professional role identity. Future research is needed to examine other factors (e.g. job demand and financial compensation) that may contribute to such regional differences.

Workplace Bullying and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptomology: The Influence of Role Conflict and the Moderating Effects of Neuroticism and Managerial Competencies.

Research has explored numerous consequences of workplace bullying, including a recent link to the exhibition of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomology. Role conflict as a workplace stressor may contribute to instances of bullying from a passive perspective, which may lead to PTSD symptomology in victims. What remains less explored is if role conflict has a direct relationship to PTSD symptomology and how personality traits such as neuroticism and workplace factors such as managerial competencies may moderate the stress brought on by role conflict. Hence the present study seeks to examine this gap in the literature. This study utilizes a between-subjects, cross-sectional design with 159 participants, 39.6% male and 60.4% female. Most participants (60%) were Italian workers of a large social cooperative organization. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the measurement model was valid and had an adequate model fit. Results from two separate moderated mediation analyses found a positive, full mediation between the independent variable of role conflict, the mediator of exposure to bullying, and the dependent variable of PTSD symptomology. Furthermore, in this study, neuroticism strengthened the indirect effect while managerial competencies weakened it. The results highlight the importance of training competent managers and providing resources for more vulnerable employees to moderate employee work stress and its negative outcomes.

The Beneficial Effects of Professional Identity: The Mediating Role of Teaching Identification in the Relationship between Role Stress and Psychological Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, teachers and students rapidly transitioned to remote teaching and learning. In South Africa, this initial transition was followed by periods of reopening and closing of schools during the various waves of the pandemic. When schools were reopened, rotational schooling was implemented, with students attending in shifts. All this change created a climate of uncertainty for teachers. The current study investigates the relationship between role stress and indices of psychological distress, as well as the potential mediating role of teaching identification in this relationship, using a cross-sectional survey design. Participants (n = 355) were school teachers in South Africa who completed the Role Stress Questionnaire, the Professional Identification Scale, the trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Beck Hopelessness Scale during the second wave of the pandemic (May-July 2021). The results of a structural equation analysis indicate significant positive direct effects of role conflict and ambiguity on anxiety and hopelessness, as well as significant negative direct effects of teaching identification on anxiety and hopelessness. In addition, teaching identification was found to mediate the effect of role conflict and ambiguity on anxiety and hopelessness. The demonstrated role of teaching identification has implications that suggest the importance of leadership and supervisory support, as well as enhancing the societal value of teaching as a profession.

Social Life of Females with Persistent COVID-19 Symptoms: A Qualitative Study.

Persistent COVID-19 symptoms (long COVID) may bring challenges to long haulers' social lives. Females may endure more profound impacts given their special social roles and existing structural inequality. This study explores the effects of long COVID on the social life of female long haulers. We conducted semi-structured interviews via Zoom between April and June 2021 with 15 female long haulers in the United States, purposely recruited from Facebook and Slack groups and organization websites related to long COVID. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim with consent. The interview data were managed using MAXQDA and examined by thematic analysis. Long COVID negatively affected female long haulers' social lives by causing physical limitations, economic issues, altered social relationships, social roles' conflicts, and social stigma. Long COVID prevented female long haulers' recovery process. Physical limitations altered their perceptions on body, and family-work conflicts caused tremendous stress. They also experienced internalized stigma and job insecurities. This study provides insights into challenges that COVID-19 female long haulers could face in their return to normal social life, underscoring the vulnerability of females affected by long COVID due to significant alterations in their social lives. Shifting to new methods of communication, especially social media, diminished the adverse effects of long COVID (e.g., social isolation).

Parents who worked from home during the COVID-19 pandemic: role conflict and marital aggression.

The present study investigates the correlation between the experience of work-family role conflict during the COVID-19 pandemic and expressions of marital aggression. Expressions of aggression were assessed in terms of hostility in current spousal relationships and adopting inappropriate marital conflict management patterns: physical violence, verbal-emotional violence and avoiding conflict resolution. The research sample included 406 Jewish participants (206 women and 200 men) who worked from home at least three days a week during August 2020, and are parents to young and middle-childhood age children. The findings indicate a positive correlation between role conflict, marital hostility and the use of a pattern of verbal-emotional violence during conflict management. Furthermore, we observe that marital hostility mediates the relationship between role conflict and the use of inappropriate marital conflict management patterns. A negative correlation was also found between resources of flexibility in crisis management and relaxed communication in the family, on one hand, and marital hostility and to use of physical violence patterns in marital conflict management. No differences were found between mothers and fathers in terms of role conflict experience or assessment of expressions of marital aggression. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Social Security, Journal of Welfare & Social Security Studies (0334-231X) is the property of Editorial Board of Social Security, Journal of Welfare & Social Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Perceived Vulnerability to Disease and the Relationship with Teacher Satisfaction in South Africa during COVID-19: The Serial Role of Burnout, Role Conflict, and Ambiguity.

Teachers' work roles and responsibilities have changed dramatically because of the COVID-19 pandemic. These unprecedented changes have the potential to generate role stress and burnout and reduce teachers' job satisfaction. This study investigated the serial relationship between perceived vulnerability to disease, role stress, burnout, and teaching satisfaction. It was hypothesised that individuals who perceive themselves to be at high risk of contracting COVID-19 would report high role conflict and ambiguity in the workplace, which would in turn lead to high levels of burnout and low satisfaction with teaching. Participants were schoolteachers (N = 355) who completed the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Questionnaire, the Role Orientation Questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Teaching Satisfaction Scale. Path analysis confirmed that perceived vulnerability to disease was associated with role conflict and ambiguity, which was in turn associated with emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, and low teaching satisfaction. Teachers who appraised themselves as being more vulnerable to contracting COVID-19 experienced greater role stress, which was associated with high levels of burnout and low teaching satisfaction. This study highlights that threat appraisals related to contracting COVID-19 represent an additional job demand and this needs to be matched by job resources that can facilitate coping.

Role conflict, job crafting, stress and resilience among nurses during COVID-19

Crises have the potential to heighten stress levels among frontline employees. In general, to cope with crisis-related stress, employees often improvise or job craft to meet the demands of the crisis. In addition to this, they need resources and directions to support their innovation by lowering role conflict. During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses too were compelled to improvise as they struggled with multiple challenges related to the uncertainty associated with the virus and the assignment of atypical job functions. These concerns affected nurses' wellbeing and impacted their jobs. This two-phase sequential study began with interviews (n?=?14), followed by a survey (n?=?152) exploring nurses' perspectives regarding this noncausality crisis and the impact of organizational variables on their stress levels. While improvisation and job crafting were found to be important for adaptive resilience, the process involved in achieving resilience ended up increasing stress for nurses. Additionally, nurses faced role conflict, which contributed to greater levels of stress. To support nurses and enhance resilience, organizations should provide resources, role direction and training for effective job crafting and orientation.

Securing jobs with individual trait and organisational support?

Purpose In view of the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on organisations and employees, this study aims to investigate a reverse relationship between role conflict, burnout and job insecurity, and proposed emotional intelligence (EI) and organisational support as individual and organisational factors, respectively, that may moderate this chain relationship. Drawing on conservation of resources (COR) theory, this paper proposes that organisational support as an organisational factor and EI as an individual ability may aid in minimising the perception of the depletion of resources and play a moderating role in conflict-burnout-job insecurity relationships. Design/methodology/approach This study was undertaken in Australia with a focus on those who were employed and worked during the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey was conducted online using the Qualtrics platform as it offers user-friendly features for respondents. In total, 723 usable responses were generated for data analysis. Structural equation modelling was performed to test the hypotheses of this study. Findings The results show that role conflict was significantly related to burnout, which in turn led to job insecurity. EI and organisational support reduced the impact of burnout on job insecurity. Originality/value Theoretically, this research deepens an understanding of COR and role theory and contributes to mental health research and organisational studies. COR depicts individuals' reservation of resources for desired or expected outcomes. This study approached from a depletion of resources perspective and revealed the consequences for both individuals and organisations. This study also expands role theory and includes job and family-derived roles to deepen the role conflict during the pandemic. Whilst most research taps into the job performance and behaviour domain to understand the impact of role conflict, this study proposed a novel concept of a mediation relationship between role conflict, burnout and job insecurity in line with the status quo of the pandemic. Consequently, this study contributes to job attitude research by approaching the antecedents from a combination of organisational, individual and situational factors because role conflict is reflected as a clash of job demands, family obligations and responsibilities, and the pandemic situation.

Compassion‐focused therapy group for men with intellectual disabilities who had maladaptive conceptualisations of masculinity

Purpose>The purpose of this paper is to determine the effectiveness of an adapted compassion-focused therapy (CFT) group treatment programme for individuals with an intellectual disability (ID), specifically aimed to help address maladaptive conceptualisations of masculinity.Design/methodology/approach>Outcome measurements were competed at pre- and post-group and the effectiveness of the intervention were assessed using a Wilcoxon signed ranks test.Findings>Findings demonstrated that the treatment group showed significant differences in their “gender role conflict” subscales including the Success, Power, Control and “Restrictive Affectionate Behavior Between Men” subscales;however, no significant differences were found on the Restrictive Emotionality or Conflicts Between Work and Leisure subscales. Furthermore, no significant differences were found on participants psychological well-being, psychological distress, anxiety, self-compassion or quality of life measures.Research limitations/implications>Limitations include that a lack of qualitative information regarding outcomes, a lack of control group and a small number of participants may have impacted the outcome of the research.Practical implications>The Men’s Masculinity group had a positive impact on the participant’s sense of success, power and control, so it could be considered that this group enabled participants to feel more powerful and in control of their difficulties which is associated with the “drive” system of CFT.Originality/value>Overall, this study adds to the small but growing literature that supports using CFT groups as a stand-alone psychological intervention when working with people with an ID.

The lived experiences of new graduate nurses during the covid-19 pandemic: A phenomenological study

Transitions of New Graduate Nurses have been the focus of research since Kramer's 1974 text Reality Shock. With a growing nursing shortage, transitions to nursing practice have been a focus of nursing research. By 2030, 25% of nurses are predicted to retire from the nursing profession prior to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Evidence suggests that upward of 20% of new graduate nurses either quit or exit the profession within their first year. This problem is documented in research prior to the COVID-19 Pandemic. In 2020, the world faced an unprecedented global pandemic that changed both academia and transitions to practice. This hermeneutic phenomenological research study explored the lived experiences of new graduate nurses utilizing Duchscher's Transition Shock Theory (2009) as a theoretical framework. This study consisted of 15 participants. All participants were from the northeastern region of the United States. In the findings, 4 themes emerged based on the semi-structured interviews with the participants. Among the five themes, participants identified challenges in their transitions from completing nursing school to obtaining jobs, having a perception of what nursing would be like rather than the reality they faced, challenges with coping and dealing with the emotions of being a frontline nurse in and around the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, lack of knowledge and skillset pertaining to death and dying, and the challenge of moving back to a normal healthcare environment in a post COVID-19 era. Recommendations from the study included expansion of partnerships between healthcare organizations and academic, expanded education of death in dying in nursing curriculum, and expanded exploration of the impacts of COVID-19 among the nursing workforce. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

The Impact of Personal and Work Resources on Work Stress of Staff Members during the Covid-19 Pandemic, Khomas Region

High job demands, limited resources, work role conflict, uncertainty, organisational transformation, increase in student intake and diversity of the student population amplify the work stress that staff members at the University of Namibia (UNAM) are required to withstand. Work stress results in disengagement of employees, negative job attitudes, poor service delivery, poor health and well-being, burnout and eventually turnover. Emotional intelligence enhances employees’ coping ability and increases resilience, stress responsiveness as well as improve organisational commitment, work engagement and higher levels of health and well-being. This study collected data from UNAM staff members in the Khomas region on emotional intelligence (self-awareness;social skills), job demands-resources (growth;advancement) and work stress (lack of autonomy, workload, job insecurity) during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. Self-awareness and social skills reported a negative relationship with work stress;growth and advancement reported a positive relationship with work stress. It is recommended that emotional intelligence training, team-building activities and social skills training be prioritised;additional social and administrative support could be provided to allow senior employees to cope better with work stress;the salaries and benefits should be re-evaluated against national and international standards but also to ensure internal and external fairness/equity.

The Impact of a Workplace Terrorist Attack on the Psychosocial Work Environment: A Longitudinal Study From Pre- to Post-disaster.

The psychosocial work environment is of great importance for regaining health and productivity after a workplace disaster. Still, there is a lack of knowledge about the impact of a disaster on the psychosocial work environment. The purpose of this study was to examine whether employees' perceptions of role clarity, role conflicts, and predictability in their work situation changed from before to after a workplace terrorist attack. We combined data from two prospective work environment surveys of employees in three governmental ministries that were the target of the 2011 Oslo terrorist attack. A first two-wave survey was conducted 4-5 years and 2-3 years before the attack, and a second three-wave survey took place 10 months, 2 years, and 3 years after the attack. Of 504 individuals who were employed at the time of the bombing, 220 were employed in both pre- and post-disaster periods, participated in both the first and the second survey, and consented to the linking of data from the two surveys. We found no significant changes in levels of role clarity, role conflict, and predictability from before to after the terrorist attack. Adjusting for sex, age and education had no effect on the results. The findings suggest that perceptions of the psychosocial working environment are likely to be maintained at previous levels in the aftermath of a workplace disaster. Considering the importance of the psychosocial work environment for regaining health and productivity, the findings are important for the preparation for, and management of, future crises.

Managing multiple roles during the COVID-19 lockdown: Not men or women, but parents as the emotional "loser in the crisis"

The COVID-19 pandemic represents a global crisis with high demands for the general population. In this research, we conducted a cross-sectional online study (N = 2278), which was diverse regarding age, employment, and family status to examine emotional well-being in times of the lockdown. We focused on inter-role conflict as a central factor associated with well-being. We tested whether individuals with high inter-role conflict (e.g. care-taker and employee) would appraise the lockdown more negatively than those experiencing low role-conflict and whether this would be associated with fatigue. In addition, we looked at gender as moderating this link. Latent modelling only showed small gender specific effects in the non-parent sample. However, in the parent sample, we found that although men experience less inter-role conflict than women on average, they coped significantly less well with it. We discuss the role of gender stereotypes in creating these psychological obstacles for men and women. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Sources of role conflict: A critical evaluation of emergency medical service work-family conflict during the COVID-19 pandemic

COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented strain on the health care system around the world and challenged it like never before in the recent history. The impacts of disasters including pandemics are not limited to the headlines and news reports of number of affected people and costs. The short and long-term effects of disasters on Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers are often overlooked. The needs and concerns of EMS providers are usually neglected. A rich data exists in the literature regarding disasters including pandemics. Yet, a significant gap related to EMS providers working during pandemics was revealed through the literature. Few studies have addressed the personal and professional impacts of role conflict on EMS providers' and their willingness to respond.This qualitative constructivist study provides important insights invaluable as to the work-family conflict phenomena amongst EMS providers during one of the worst pandemics in modern history. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to critically evaluate the sources of work-family conflict among EMS providers who responded during COVID-19 pandemic. Role theory with the work-family conflict pressure model were used to advance the study. The research questions that guided this study was What are the sources of work-family conflict among EMS providers during COVID-19? In-depth semi-structured interviews carried out with 30 EMS providers from 20 different states within the United States. Moreover, the ATLAS.ti qualitative analysis software was used during analysis to code data and develop themes and subthemes. The findings demonstrated several unique challenges and concerns for EMS providers during COVID-19. The analysis revealed three major themes with their subthemes of work-family conflict sources of: 1) strain-based conflict with subthemes including: 1.1) fears and concerns, 1.2) role ambiguity, 1.3) inadequate resources (lack of PPE and inadequate education and training 1.4) lack of confidence in the employer, 2) time-based conflict with subthemes included: 2.1) increased workload, 2.2) Mandatory overtime 2.3) decreased time spent with family , and 3) behavior-based conflict with subtheme included: 3.1) implement excessive precautionary measures, 3.2) obsessive behaviors, 3.3) negative emotions, and 3.4) limited interaction with family members. The knowledge gained from this study will inform EMS education, research, and practice, as well as health policy related to the care of responders and their loved ones and create balance between work and family before, during, and after disasters. Hence, enhance the development of disaster response plans and policies and the effectiveness of care provided. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Weekend work and work-family conflict: Evidence from Australian panel data

[...]the samples used in previous studies were all quite small. According to this approach, individuals have a range of different role relationships, which are each connected to different obligations. [...]WFC has been described as "a form of interrole conflict in which role pressures from the work and family domains are mutually incompatible in some respect" (Greenhaus & Beutell, 1985, p. 77). [...]work can interfere with family through time-based, strain-based, and behavior-based conflicts.